La vertiginosa realidad social y política de Colombia

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Agencia de Prensa IPC
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Foto: Defensoría del Pueblo Colombia

Artículo de opinión por Diego Herrera Duque, presidente del IPC

Vivimos tiempos vertiginosos a nivel social y político en Colombia. Razón tenía un observador  extranjero cuando se asombraba porque en nuestro país era muy difícil digerir los acontecimientos del día a día, pues eran tan complejos y súbitos que daban muy poca posibilidad de reflexionar sobre cada uno de ellos, de rumiarlos en su profundidad. Y es que en cada instante hay algo nuevo que re direcciona nuestro interés, que se superpone al asombro inicial, y lo demás, que acaba de pasar, se vuelve un pasado con tendencia al olvido. La coordenada de tiempo dominante en los hechos es el presente inmediato, irremediable e irreflexivo, para una ciudadanía que mira perpleja todo lo que ocurre.

Basta con observar lo que ha transcurrido en las últimas dos semanas para encontrar varios hechos que constatan esta realidad. Se activa la protesta social alrededor del Paro Agrario convocada por diversos sectores sociales y en menos de cuatro días se reportan 3 indígenas muertos y decenas de civiles heridos en varias regiones del país, en medio de los esfuerzos y las tensiones en el dialogo con el Gobierno nacional. Se inicia en la Corte Constitucional la discusión amplia de la ley estatutaria para la refrendación vía plebiscito del acuerdo de paz con las FARC. Se aprueba el acto legislativo para la paz en último debate en la Cámara de Representantes. Se recibe la decisión de la Corte Constitucional de tumbar cuatro artículos de la reforma al equilibrio de poderes que implica reformas al sistema judicial. Y se anuncia la visita de representantes de comunidades étnicas a la mesa de diálogos con las FARC en La Habana (Cuba) para incorporar un enfoque étnico, diferencial y territorial en la negociación, etc.

Pero toca parar un poco y pensar lo que pasa, porque cada acontecimiento tiene un profundo significado para el país. De un lado, vuelve a cobrar vigencia la diferencia que Jorge Eliecer Gaitán planteara a mediados del siglo pasado donde afirmaba que en Colombia habían dos países; uno, el país político que piensa en su poder y sus intereses y, otro, el país nacional que piensa en sus necesidades, aspiraciones y dramas cotidianos; de ahí aquella frase suya «El país político tiene metas diferentes a las del país nacional. ¡Tremendo drama en la historia de un pueblo!» Hoy día, y a poco más de 3 años de haber ocurrido algo similar, la protesta social en la que convergen grupos étnicos, campesinos, populares, mineros, educadores y jóvenes, en distintas regiones del país, expresa al menos dos cosas: Una, la exclusión del escenario político de los sectores subalternos de la sociedad colombiana que recurren a la acción reivindicativa y contenciosa para hacerse sentir ante los gobernantes y las élites, de manera pacífica y organizada. Dos, que esta forma de hacerse sentir no se reduce solo al incumplimiento de los acuerdos del paro agrario del año 2013, sino que en lo fundamental, estos sectores sociales no se sienten representados ni interpretados por los sectores políticos que gobiernan y orientan al país, y mucho menos por la mayoría de las colectividades políticas que pujan por el poder en Colombia. Es cuestionable la responsabilidad de los gobernantes por la forma como han tramitado históricamente todas esas reclamaciones sociales y políticas de la otra Colombia donde se sigue conjugando la estigmatización, la violencia, el incumplimiento y la dilación de acuerdos.

Por otro lado, el debate público alrededor de la aprobación del acto legislativo para la paz, para blindar jurídica y políticamente el acuerdo final y su futura implementación, sumado al impulso del gobierno y el legislativo a la refrendación ciudadana bajo el mecanismo plebiscitario; siguen mostrando un ambiente polarizado en términos de los apoyos y oposiciones, lo que representa la falta de acuerdo político en la sociedad colombiana para alcanzar el fin del conflicto. La propuesta política del gobierno de impulsar el plebiscito con mayoría en las bancadas del Congreso y con una opinión pública todavía escéptica, se complejiza con los llamados a la “resistencia civil” contra los diálogos de paz, entre Gobierno e insurgencia, y con la “firmatón” convocada contra el plebiscito, por sectores sociales y políticos en Colombia encabezados por el expresidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez y representados en el Centro Democrático. La esperanza de un nuevo pacto político se hace necesaria, y el pacto alcanzado con la Constitución Política de 1991 se hace insuficiente a la nueva realidad del país.

Así mismo es significativa, políticamente en el marco de la negociación, la demanda de inclusión de comunidades étnicas con base territorial en los puntos acordados en La Habana, poniendo de presente el reto de acercar al país político y al país nacional en el desarrollo de los acuerdos de paz, frente a las implicaciones que en lo territorial tienen las propuestas de la Mesa de La Habana; la necesidad de que estas tengan un espacio de dialogo social y político más amplio, en un país diverso y pluricultural; y el respeto a la autonomía y soberanía de las comunidades étnicas que habitan los territorios. En tal sentido, es acertado incorporar el enfoque étnico, diferencial y territorial a la negociación política del conflicto armado.

Pero también es urgente atender los obstáculos a la paz que, por otro lado, el mismo gobierno pone: Sigue barriendo la minería a gran escala, se siguen imponiendo las ZIDRES al campo colombiano, se mantiene el cuello de botella a la restitución de tierras, y en estas protestas se observa la misma represión, estigmatización y deslegitimación frente al movimiento social.

En conclusión, el país político y el país nacional siguen estando irreconciliados, es como si todos no cupiéramos en el mismo país, y el posible escenario de un nuevo pacto político podría contribuir a acercarlos, fruto de los acuerdos de paz en La Habana como punto de partida. Esta perspectiva exige que en las élites prime una voluntad política con menos mezquindad y mayor generosidad para alcanzar la paz, lo que implica un compromiso real del Gobierno Santos y de las élites políticas del país para dar el salto y permitir que haya una transformación con más democracia, más inclusión y más respeto de las diferencias y de la oposición; para permitir que demos el paso de una justicia politizada y poco cercana a la solución de los problemas cotidianos del ciudadano, a una justicia independiente y éticamente solventes; y permitir que ante las demandas de amplios sectores sociales por ser escuchados y tenidos en cuenta en La Habana, se materialice con la inclusión de sus agendas en el futuro escenario de postacuerdos.

La reconciliación social y política sigue siendo un reto ante la falta de acuerdo político para construir un proyecto de sociedad con más justicia, con menos impunidad y menos exclusión, y el proceso de paz podría abrir esta ventana que por años ha estado cerrada, pero no es suficiente sino se incorporan al futuro de Colombia las demandas históricas del país nacional.

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